Backwards source and binary compatibility in GNU LibC 2.1 means most programs from the previous release will run on the new release (but not the other way around). All packages in Debian GNU/Linux 2.2 have been set up to run in the new environment, of course, and it will be possible to re-compile most programs on the new release without changes. However, there are always a few exceptions to the rule, so some of your local programs may need to be modified and/or recompiled on the new glibc to run properly.
When run under kernel 2.2 and glibc 2.1, system will automatically mount an
additional `devpts' virtual drive, to support Unix98 PTYs, and some of our
daemons (Unix servers) will automatically switch to using those new devices
(/dev/pts/* instead of /dev/ttyp*).
With kernel 2.2.x, the PC printer devices start from lp0 instead of lp1 as with
kernels 2.0.x, so you will want to update your printcap and other configuration
files to use that (/dev/lp0 instead of /dev/lp1,
/dev/lp1 instead of /dev/lp2 and so on).
The transition to using new kernel went quite smoothly, mainly because we almost completely prepared the 2.1 release for running a 2.2 kernel. Some issues still remain, mainly related to the network:
ipfwadm has been replaced with
ipchains. The upgrade of the netbase will prompt you
to set up symlinks to a wrapper script so that your firewall remains
functioning; you can also read
/usr/share/doc/netbase/ipchains-HOWTO.txt.gz and properly convert
your firewall setup to ipchains.
/etc/init.d/network script, as set up by the old Debian
installation procedures, prints error messages with the new kernel; this can be
fixed by adding proper `netmask' and `dev' options to route
invocations in that file.
You should read the kernel's Documentation/Changes file for more
information on upgrading software to run with the new kernel.
Upgrades to PAM enabled applications have been made as seamless and integrated
as possible. For most instances, the new configurations will mimic that of
your old pre-PAM configurations. However, not every case can be accounted for.
If changes need to be made, you can install the libpam-doc
package, which contains documentation on every aspect of the PAM library, even
tips on modifying your existing non-PAM apps to support the new authentication
model.
One major part of the PAM upgrade was merging secure-su into the
main login package. The default su provided by
shellutils is now provided by the login package so
that PAM integration was more complete and system wide. If you used to use the
default su, then you should not notice any changes with the new
version. However, users of the obsolete secure-su package may
have to check their configurations to ensure that the new PAM setup is
compatible.
You may notice that this release includes two versions of Perl: 5.004 (in
perl-5.004* packages) and 5.005 (in perl-5.005*
packages). We highly recommend using the latter, newer version, and removing
the old version, which is kept only for compatibility, as a convenience to
programmers.[1] If you have/use
any Perl modules from the new lib*-perl packages in your scripts,
you will have to set the /usr/bin/perl symlink (using
update-alternatives) to point to Perl 5.005, otherwise you will
experience problems.
Please note that the Debian non-US archive has been slightly reorganized in
order to support separation between free and non-free software. If you already
used apt to access it, you will need to change your
/etc/apt/sources.list lines for non-US to this form:
deb http://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US potato/non-US main contrib non-free
Previous versions of inetd (provided by the netbase
package) had a bug in that when inetd was stopped, an existing
connection to some of the internal services could stop inetd from
restarting. This bug has been fixed in the current netbase, but
older version of it are still vulnerable. If you find inetd isn't
restarting properly, look for any existing inetd processes that
are still running, or processes such as "-discard" or
"-echo". If you have the psmisc package installed,
running:
sed 's/[[:space:]][[:space:]]*/ /g' /etc/inetd.conf |
grep '^ *[^#]' | cut -d" " -f1,3 |
while read serv type; do
fuser -n $type $serv;
done
as root will tell you which processes are using ports inetd is
interested in.
Users of smail MTA will notice that release 2.2 doesn't ship that package
anymore, due to serious bugs it had during our test cycles. Updated smail
packages may still be found in the unstable distribution, or at http://www.fs.tum.de/~bunk/smail.html.
The new XFree86 and other xserver-* packages introduced in this
release, compared to those in the previous release, 2.1, may very well contain
better support for your graphics hardware, especially drivers for newer
graphics cards such as many 3D accelerator cards. If you don't know exactly
which X server package to choose, try the xviddetect program (from
xviddetect package), that will output the name of the needed X
server, based on information found about your PCI/AGP bus.
Users of the Intel i810 chipset should be aware that, to properly function, the
X server requires a Linux kernel module that does not ship with the Linux
kernel sources. The source code to this module, and instructions for compiling
it and using it, may be found at the X Strike Force page.
If the X server you are using refers to the upgrading host for xfs
font services, it will lose its connection to the font server when
xfs is stopped. This is not fatal, but can be annoying. Note:
similar things may happen for other daemons, so be prepared.
The following packages have been renamed as shown. In most, if not all, cases, Conflicts:, Replaces:, and Provides: fields (or even dummy packages) have been provided so the new package will either get installed automatically, and/or will safely replace/remove the old one.
ada-rm -> gnat-doc
[2]
alsa-modules -> alsa-base
alsalib -> libasound0.4
ax25-utils -> libax25
blt8.0-unoff -> blt8.0
c-client-dev -> libc-client4.7-dev
console-tools-data -> console-tools
[3]
cti-ifhp -> ifhp
cwnn -> freewnn-cserver
cwnn-dev -> freewnn-cserver-dev
data-dumper -> perl-5.005-doc
dhcp-beta -> dhcp
dhcp-client-beta -> dhcp-client
dhcp-relay-beta -> dhcp-relay
egcc -> gcc
egcs-docs -> gcc-doc
emacspeak-bs-tcl, emacspeak-dt, emacspeak-dt-tcl -> emacspeak-ss
eterm-backgrounds -> eterm
fte-cfgdocs -> fte-docs
fvwm -> fvwm1
fvwm2 -> fvwm
gltt2 -> libgltt2
gltt2-dev -> libgltt2-dev
gmp2 -> libgmp2
gmp2-dev -> libgmp2-dev
gnome-gnobots -> gnome-gnobots2
gnome-gnothello -> gnome-iagno
gnome-gyahtzee -> gnome-gtali
gsl -> libgsl0
gsl-dev -> libgsl0-dev
gstep-base -> gstep-base0
gstep-base-dev -> gstep-base0-dev
gstep-extensions -> gstep-extensions0
gstep-gui -> gstep-gui0
gstep-gui-dev -> gstep-gui0-dev
gstep-guile -> gstep-guile0
gtkicq -> gnomeicu
intlfonts-arabic -> xfonts-intl-arabic
intlfonts-asian -> xfonts-intl-asian
intlfonts-chinese -> xfonts-intl-chinese
intlfonts-chinese-big -> xfonts-intl-chinese-big
intlfonts-european -> xfonts-intl-european
intlfonts-japanese -> xfonts-intl-japanese
intlfonts-japanese-big -> xfonts-intl-japanese-big
intlfonts-phonetic -> xfonts-intl-phonetic
ivtools -> ivtools-unidraw
kwnn -> freewnn-kserver
kwnn-dev -> freewnn-kserver-dev
lam -> lam-runtime
lesstifg-dbg -> lesstif-dbg
lesstifg-dev -> lesstif-dev
libapache-mod-auth-sys -> apache-common
libapache-mod-put -> apache-common
libatalk1 -> netatalk
libatalk1-dev -> netatalk-dev
libc6-doc -> glibc-doc
libdatecalc-perl -> libdate-calc-perl
libg++2.8.2-dev -> libg++2.8.1.3-dev
libgg0 -> libgii0
libgg0-dev -> libgii0-dev
libggi1 -> libgii0, libggi2
libgnome0 -> libgnomesupport0
libjpegg-dev -> libjpeg62-dev
liblockdev0-perl -> liblockdev1-perl
liblockdev0g-dbg -> liblockdev1-dbg
liblockdev0g-dev -> liblockdev1-dev
libmd5-perl -> libdigest-md5-perl
libpam0g-util -> libpam-runtime
libwcsmbs, wcsmbs-locale-ja -> locale-ja
libwine0.0.971116 -> libwine
libxml0 -> libxml1
maplay -> maplay3
mysql-base -> mysql-gpl-client, mysql-client
mysql-dev -> libmysqlclient6-dev
newt0.25-dev -> libnewt-dev
open -> console-tools
palmpython -> pyrite
perl -> perl5
perl-base -> perl5-base
popt -> libpopt0, libpopt-dev
ppp-pam -> ppp
[4]
ptx -> textutils
python-bsddb, python-curses, python-misc, python-net -> python-base
[5]
python-mysql -> python-mysqldb
python-pil -> python-imaging
r-pdl -> pdl
sgmlspm -> libsgmls-perl
smbfsx -> smbfs
sorcerer -> pccts
t1lib0-bin -> t1lib-bin
t1lib0-dev -> t1lib-dev
tcd -> gnome-media
timezones -> libc6
[6]
tm -> wemi
toshiba-fan, toshiba-hotkey -> toshutils
v-bin -> libv-bin
v-dbg -> libv-dbg
v-dev, vm-dev -> libv-dev
v1g -> libv1.22
vnc-doc -> xvncviewer, vncserver
wcsmbs-locale-ko -> locale-ko
wnn -> freewnn-jserver
wnn-common -> freewnn-common
wnn-dev -> freewnn-jserver-dev
www-search -> libwww-search-perl
wxxt1 -> libwxxt1
wxxt1-dev -> libwxxt-dev
xfntbig5p-cmex24m -> xfonts-cmex-big5p
xfntil2 -> xfonts-biznet-iso-8859-2-{base,75dpi,100dpi}
xntp3-doc -> ntp-doc
xpm-bin -> xpm4g-dev
[7]
Although we have made every effort to complete this list, it may still not be exhaustive.
Between releases 2.1 (`slink') and 2.2 (`potato'), a number of packages have been split into two or more packages. The reason for these splits, in general, is that the original package provided a diverse set of functionalities, and that few, if any, users used all of these components. Some packages will display a notice warning of the split during the installation, some mention it in the package description, and some just ignore it.
If you find that a familiar package is lacking some or all of its
functionality, check the list below to see if you need to install more packages
to restore the original functionality. Failing that, check the changelog for
the package, which can be found in
/usr/doc/package/changelog.Debian.gz.
The following is a list of packages that have been split (this list may not be complete):
gmc:
mc
gmc
mc-common
[8]
libpgtcl:
libpgtcl
pgaccess
mozilla:
mozilla
libnspr3
libnspr3-dev
netbase:
netbase
tcpd
libwrap0
libwrap0-dev
netstd:
bootp
bootparamd
bootpc
finger
fingerd
fping
ftp
ftpd
icmpinfo
pidentd
rdate
rdist
routed
rsh-client
rsh-server
ruptime
rusers
rusersd
rwall
rwalld
rwho
rwhod
tftp
tftpd
traceroute
wdsetup
[9]
perl-base:
perl-base
perl-5.004-base
perl-5.005-base
[10]
perl:
perl-5.004
perl-5.004-doc
perl-5.005
perl-5.005-doc
[11]
postgresql:
postgresql
postgresql-client
postgresql-test
vim:
vim
vim-gtk
[12]
Before upgrading your system, it is strongly recommended that you make a full backup, or at least, backup any data or configuration information you can't afford to lose. The upgrade tools and process are quite reliable, but a hardware failure in the middle of an upgrade could result in a severely damaged system.
The main things you'll want to save are the contents of /etc,
/var/lib/dpkg and the output of dpkg
--get-selections.
It's wise to inform all users in advance of any upgrades you're planning,
although users accessing your system via ssh (at least) shouldn't notice much
during the upgrade, and may want to continue working. If you wish to take
extra precautions, back up or unmount user's partitions (/home)
before upgrading.
Distribution upgrade should be done either locally from a textmode virtual
console (or a directly connected serial terminal), or remotely via an
ssh link.
You should not do the upgrade using telnet,
rlogin, rsh, or from an X session managed by
xdm on the machine you are upgrading. That is because each of
those services may well be terminated during the upgrade, which can result in
an inaccessible system that is only half-upgraded.
Regardless of the method used for upgrading, it is recommended that you check the status of all packages first, and verify that all packages are in an upgradable state. This can be done with
dpkg -l | pager
or
dpkg --get-selections > filename
(and then inspect filename), or it can be done in
dselect.
Any package installation operation must be run with superuser privileges, so
either login as root or use su or sudo to gain
necessary access rights.
It is strongly recommended that you use /usr/bin/script program to
record a transcript of the upgrade session. [13] Then if any problems develop, you can have a log of what
happened, and if needed, provide exact information in a bug report. To start
the recording, type:
script -a /upgrade-2.2.typescript
or similar. Remember not to put the typescript file on a temporary directory
(such as /tmp or /var/tmp).
It is desirable to remove any holds before upgrading. If any package that is
essential for the upgrade is on hold, the upgrade will fail. If you changed
and recompiled a package locally, and didn't rename it or put an epoch in the
version, you must put it on hold to prevent it from being upgraded. The `hold'
package state can be changed either by using dselect (in the
Select menu, use the `H' and `G' keys to hold and unhold, respectively), or by
doing:
dpkg --get-selections > filename
editing filename to change "hold" to "install"
(or vice versa), and then, with root permissions, doing
dpkg --set-selections < filename
It might be a good idea to put ssh on `Hold' (if it's installed),
since otherwise it will be replaced by OpenSSH (the new ssh
package) which still has a slightly incompatible configuration file, that can
sometimes cause sshd not to start after the upgrade. By putting
it on hold you assure that your system will continue to be reachable; you can
resolve things later, or select the ssh-nonfree package for
installation, which is the completely compatible, but still non-free, version
of ssh. (Note: even when upgrading without `Hold', existing connections will
not be broken.)
Please note that the ssh package in this release disables root
logins by default. If you rely on this feature for remote access to your
system you should ensure that PermitRootLogin option in
/etc/ssh/sshd_config is set to yes after upgrade (To
ensure dpkg never updates the file to match new defaults, you can simply modify
the file locally. Adding a blank line is enough.)
It is important that the /etc/rcS.d directory exists prior to the
upgrade; the installation of the libc6 package will fail
otherwise.
Don't forget to mount all needed partitions (notably the root and
/usr partitions) read-write, with a command like:
mount -o remount,rw /mountpoint
The /usr/share/doc directory (if it exists already) should not be
a symlink (e.g. to /usr/doc), since that will cause some packages
to break. However, symlinking /usr/doc to
/usr/share/doc is allowed. Please note that if you use such a
symlink there will be numerous messages about /usr/doc directories
that can't be removed. Those are normal, and you can safely ignore them.
The recommended method of upgrading is by using apt-get directly,
as described in the next section. APT is the next generation of Debian's
packaging tools, and it enables smooth upgrades and easy installations.
You should not be doing any major package upgrades with default access
methods in dselect, because those, unlike the apt
method, do not do any logical package ordering during the installation, and
therefore aren't as reliable. Additionally, such upgrades are far less tested
and therefore unsupported by Debian.
If you want to upgrade using CD-ROMs, or if you are upgrading from a Debian
GNU/Linux release 2.0 or earlier, you need the versions of apt and
dpkg available in the http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/potato/main/upgrade-alpha/
directory at your Debian mirror, or the upgrade/ directory on the
first CD-ROM from your Debian 2.2 CD set. Download and install these files,
using (in this exact order):
dpkg -i dpkg_1.6.13_alpha.deb
dpkg -i apt_0.3.19_alpha.deb
These are specially compiled static versions, that can be installed (and run) on any Debian system.
If you are upgrading from Debian GNU/Linux version 2.1 (any point release) and
you want to upgrade using either the network (FTP, HTTP) or a local packages
mirror (possibly a disk partition, or an NFS-mounted mirror), then you can use
the apt and dpkg packages that came with that Debian
release. Of course, if apt is not installed yet (it is not by
default), install it now.
Please note that for upgrading with multiple CDs from any
Debian release you need the static versions of apt and
dpkg packages, as described above.
It is recommended that you read the apt-get(8) and the
sources.list(5) man pages at this time. If you installed the
static versions of apt and dpkg, you can only access
the manpages with commands like man -l
/usr/share/man/man8/apt-get.8.gz until the man-db package
is upgraded.
Before starting the upgrade you must set up apt's configuration
file for package lists, /etc/apt/sources.list.
apt will consider all packages that can be found via any
"deb" line, and install the package with the highest
version number, giving priority to the first mentioned lines (that way, in case
of multiple mirror locations, you'd typically first name a local harddisk, then
CD-ROMs, and then FTP/HTTP mirrors).
The default configuration is set up for installation from our main Internet
servers, but you may wish to modify /etc/apt/sources.list to use
other mirrors, preferably a mirror that is network-wise closest to you. In
that case, first comment out the existing "deb" lines in
sources.list, by placing a hash sign (#) in front of
them.
Debian FTP or HTTP mirror addresses can be found at http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist
(look at the "Full list of mirrors" section).
For example, your closest Debian mirror is ftp://alea.iacta.est/debian/ When inspecting that mirror with a web browser or FTP program, you will notice that the main directories are like this:
ftp://alea.iacta.est/debian/dists/potato/main/binary-alpha/...
ftp://alea.iacta.est/debian/dists/potato/contrib/binary-alpha/...
To use this mirror with apt, you add this line to your
sources.list file:
deb ftp://alea.iacta.est/debian potato main contrib
Note that the `dists' is added implicitly, and the arguments after the third are used to expand the path into multiple directories.
If the mirror also contains the non-US/* sections under ftp://alea.iacta.est/debian/debian-non-US, also add the following line:
deb ftp://alea.iacta.est/debian/debian-non-US potato/non-US main contrib
Any package needed for installation that is fetched from the network is stored
in the /var/cache/apt (and the partial/ subdirectory,
during download), so you must make sure you have enough space before attempting
to start the installation. With a reasonably extended Debian installation, you
can expect at least 300 MB of downloaded data.
Note: if you are using the static versions of apt and
dpkg, the hostname-lookup is broken (which is one reason to use
slink's apt when upgrading over the network). The solution is to
simply put the mirrors' IP address in the "deb" line.
(Hint: nslookup some-server)
Instead of using FTP or HTTP packages mirrors, you may wish to modify
/etc/apt/sources.list to use a mirror on a local disk (possibly
NFS-mounted). In that case, first comment out the existing
"deb" lines in sources.list, by placing a
hash sign (#) in front of them.
For example, your packages mirror may be under /var/ftp/debian/,
and have main directories like this:
/var/ftp/debian/dists/potato/main/binary-alpha/...
/var/ftp/debian/dists/potato/contrib/binary-alpha/...
To use this with apt, you add this line to your
sources.list file:
deb file:/var/ftp/debian potato main contrib
Note that the `dists' is added implicitly, and the arguments after the third are used to expand the path into multiple directories.
If your local mirror contains the non-US/* sections under
/var/ftp/debian-non-US, also add the following line:
deb file:/var/ftp/debian-non-US potato/non-US main contrib
First you need to install the latest version of apt and
dpkg packages, as described above.
If you want to use CDs only, comment out the existing
"deb" lines in /etc/apt/sources.list by
placing a hash sign (#) in front of them.
Make sure there is a line in /etc/fstab that enables mounting your
CD-ROM drive at the /cdrom mount point (the exact
/cdrom mount point is required for apt-cdrom). For
example, if /dev/hdc is your CD-ROM drive, /etc/fstab
should contain a line like:
/dev/hdc /cdrom auto defaults,noauto,ro 0 0
Note that there may be no spaces between the words defaults,noauto,ro in the fourth field.
To verify it works, insert a CD and try running
mount /cdrom (this will mount the CD to the mount point)
ls -alF /cdrom (this should show the CD's root directory)
umount /cdrom (this will unmount the CD)
Next, run:
apt-cdrom add
for each Debian Binary CD-ROM you have, to add the data about each CD to APT's database.
Once you have configured apt's sources.list, run (as
root):
apt-get update
This will resynchronize the package overview files from their sources, updating information about new and updated packages.
Some people prefer to run
apt-get --fix-broken --show-upgraded --simulate dist-upgrade | pager
in order to see what will happen. While this may be somewhat time consuming, it may avoid some surprises. This will tell you either what's wrong with your system (and how to solve it), or, most likely, what exactly will be done during the upgrade. Pay special attention to the packages that will be "REMOVEd"; no essential packages should be listed there.
After you have verified that apt-get should work fine, run:
apt-get --fix-broken --show-upgraded dist-upgrade
This will perform a complete upgrade of the system, i.e. install the newest available versions of all packages, and resolve all possible dependency changes between packages in different releases. If necessary, it will install some new packages (usually new library versions, or renamed packages), and remove any conflicting obsoleted packages.
When upgrading from a set of CD-ROMs, you will be asked to insert specific CDs at several points during the upgrade. You might have to insert the same CD multiple times; this is due to inter-related packages that have been spread out over the CDs.
New versions of currently installed packages that cannot be upgraded without
changing the install status of another package will be left at their current
version (displayed as "held back"). Therefore, it may be necessary
to use dpkg or dselect to remove and reinstall some
broken packages or dependencies. Alternatively, apt-get
dselect-upgrade may be used after apt-get -f dist-upgrade.
(See the apt-get(8) man page.)
The --fix-broken (or just -f) option causes
apt to attempt to correct a system with broken dependencies in
place. apt does not allow broken package dependencies to exist on
a system.
Sometimes it's necessary to enable APT::Force-LoopBreak option in APT to be
able to temporarily remove an essential package due to a Conflicts/Pre-Depends
loop. apt-get will alert you of this and abort the upgrade. You
can work around that by specifying -o APT::Force-LoopBreak=1
option on apt-get command line.
It is possible that a system's dependency structure can be so corrupt as to
require manual intervention. Usually this means using dselect or
dpkg --remove packagename
to eliminate some of the offending packages, or
apt-get --fix-broken --show-upgraded install
dpkg --configure --pending
In extreme cases you might have to force re-installation with a command like
dpkg --install /path/to/packagename.deb
After these things, you should be able to resume the upgrade using the previously described dist-upgrade commands.
During the upgrade, you will be asked questions to configure or re-configure
several packages. When/if you are asked if any file in the
/etc/init.d or /etc/terminfo directories, or the
/etc/manpath.config file should be replaced by the package
maintainer's version, it's usually necessary to answer `yes' to ensure system
consistency. You can always revert to the old versions, since they will be
saved with a .dpkg-old extension.
If you're not sure what to do, write down the name of the package or file, and sort things out on a later time. You can search in the typescript to re-view the information that was on the screen during the upgrade.
When apt-get dist-upgrade is done, the "formal" upgrade is finished, but there are some other things that should be taken care of before the next reboot.
Most importantly, packages locales and util-linux may
need to be installed. This can be done with:
apt-get install locales util-linux
If you were upgrading from Debian version 2.0 or earlier, this will remove the
getty package, because getty is now in the
util-linux package.
There probably are several more packages that need to be installed, that are
not noticed by apt-get, because apt-get doesn't
automatically select the packages that aren't depended on by other packages
(e.g. all packages in Recommends: and Suggests: fields). These can quite
easily be found when using dselect or another visual frontend. In
dselect, pick the `apt' method in the [A]ccess screen (if you
haven't already) and update the database with new packages information, using
the [U]pdate option. After that, in the [S]elect screen, press `o', `o', `v'
and Shift-d, and then search for the
--- Obsolete and local packages present on system ---
header. In that section, all such packages will be shown. For example, the
old gimp-smotif and gimp-dmotif packages were
replaced by gimp in Debian GNU/Linux 2.1. You can either install
the new package via dselect (which will then show a
"dependency conflict resolution" screen indicating that the old
packages should be removed), or by using:
apt-get install gimp
which will remove the older versions at once (you might just need to confirm).
Another example, that is often not shown even in dselect, are the
telnet and talk clients and servers, and the NFS server, which were split off
from the old netstd package. You can install them with a command
like:
apt-get install telnet telnetd talk talkd nfs-server
The same applies to manpages-dev, which was split off from
manpages.
Please refer to the Release Notes document for Debian GNU/Linux 2.1 for more information about those packages that were split in that release; go back and read Renamed packages, Section 3.1.1 and Split packages, Section 3.1.2 to see the list of packages split in this release.
Note that the Linux kernel was not upgraded by these procedures. You
may wish to do so yourself, either by installing one of the
kernel-image-* packages or by compiling a customized kernel from
sources.
Enjoy your new Debian GNU/Linux 2.2 system! :-)
debian-doc@lists.debian.org